NSMMS & CRASTE

2024 NSMMS & CRASTE Exhibit Show

2024 Exhibitors

Featured Exhibitors Include:


ADDMAN Engineering Logo

ADDMAN Engineering

Fort Meyers, FL

Booth #: 18

Your manufacturing needs are our priority, covering prototyping to end-of-life. We present a diverse array of manufacturing capabilities, from metal and polymer 3D printing to CNC machining and injection molding. Our commitment is to tailor full lifecycle solutions that align with your evolving product roadmaps—every step, any part, any volume.


Aegis Aerospace Logo

Aegis Aerospace

Houston, TX

Booth #: 13

We serve commercial, civil, and DoD space customers and make it easy for them to test and demonstrate their technology in space. Our unique STaaS™ business model enables our partners to focus entirely on developing their technology, while we do the rest. Aegis Aerospace integrates our customer’s spaceflight hardware/experiment to one of our orbital or lunar platforms, flight certifies the package, coordinates launch, performs on-orbit operations, and — for our MISSE low-Earth orbit (LEO) platform — coordinates the return of the flight hardware/experiment to Earth and the owner.


Allegheny Performance Plastics Logo

Allegheny Performance Plastics

Leetsdale, PA

Booth #: 3

Since 1936, Allegheny Performance Plastics has been a pioneer in working with high-temperature, high-performance, specialty thermoplastics. Today, we are the “go to” high-end injection molder, manufacturer and global supplier of technically advanced functional parts and assemblies. We mold parts in the aerospace, space, defense, and e-mobility industries, as well as many others. With capabilities that include in-house prototype manufacturing, tool repair and machining, as well as injection-molding high-temperature thermoplastics such as PPS, PEI, PAI, PBI and PEEK, Allegheny is innovating a new, customer-centric process that delivers the right solution for our customers.


Alpine Advanced Materials Logo

Alpine Advanced Materials

Dallas, TX

Booth #: 17

Alpine Advanced Materials is a leading expert in the design, prototype and supply of custom-engineered parts for the world’s most demanding defense, commercial aerospace, space, and emerging transportation applications. With experience across multiple industries, a collaborative approach, and deep expertise in designing for manufacturing, Alpine delivers the future of innovation.Alpine’s flagship multi-scale reinforced polymer HX5® offers the strength of aluminum at half the weight with environmental and thermal performance to withstand the harshest environments. HX5 can be formed into complex shapes and easily coated without sacrificing strength, performance or aesthetics. From prototypes to full-scale injection molding production, HX5 is an ideal alternative to the cost and production challenges associated with aluminum.


Applied Thin Films, Inc. Logo

Applied Thin Films, Inc.

Skokie, IL

Booth #: 26

Applied Thin Films, Inc. (ATFI) is pleased to exhibit at NSMMS our latest product advances in high temperature coatings and CMCs. ATFI has made great strides with our Ox-Ox CMC product offerings including successful arc jet testing of our Cerablak™ N720 3D Ox-Ox CMCs and demonstrated capability to produce full-scale Ox-Ox CMC nosecone structures with our Cerablak™ N720 Prepreg product using an involute layup design. Our Cerablak® HTP-381 RF Transparent TBC is setting a new industry standard for surface engineered performance under extreme hypersonic conditions while utilizing low-cost and rapidly scalable deposition techniques. Finally, we will be releasing new product versions of our Quartzmos™ UHT Coating capable of >1600°C service. We look forward to you visiting our booth!


Astrobotic Logo

Astrobotic

Pittsburgh, PA

Booth #: 20

Astrobotic is a majority employee-owned small business and a leading provider of commercial lunar delivery and rocket flight testing services. Our Peregrine and Griffin lunar landers deliver payloads to the Moon's surface for government, commercial, and university customers, with Griffin Mission 1 preparing to deliver the VIPER rover to the lunar south pole following our first mission, Peregrine Mission 1 to the Gruithuisen Domes. Our Xodiac vertical-takeoff, vertical-landing (VTVL) rocket lander provides unique, low-cost flight testing to simulate approach, descent, and landing for the Moon, planetary bodies, and asteroids. Astrobotic's next-generation VTVL rocket, Xogdor, will make its debut in 2025 and enhance our testing capabilities, with more payload mass, access to suborbital space, and supersonic flight speeds.


BALLY RIBBON MILLS Logo

BALLY RIBBON MILLS

Bally, PA

Booth #: 59

3-D woven preforms, and braided products manufacturer for space and defense customers. Capabilities include 3D woven near-net -shape joints, structural preforms and Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) . Ability to process all type of fiber including metallic, ceramic and carbon fiber.


BAM, Inc. Logo

BAM, Inc.

Knoxville, TN

Booth #: 45

BAM Inc. addresses the challenges associated with high-temperature processing. Utilizing our expertise and proprietary furnace technology, we assist companies in achieving repeatable and consistent processing of carbon-carbon and ceramics. This specialized service caters specifically to the needs of the Aircraft, Space, and Defense industries, enabling them to meet the stringent requirements and standards of these sectors


Bronson & Bratton, Inc. Logo

Bronson & Bratton, Inc.

Burr Ridge, IL

Booth #: 54

Quality is of utmost importance at Bronson & Bratton and essential in all areas of manufacturing, but it is of particular importance in the aerospace industry. Bronson & Bratton has been supplying various components to the Aerospace Industry since 1956. The products we provide are components that go into jet engines & missile defense systems including several parts and sub-assemblies in fuel controls.


BryCoat, Inc.  Logo

BryCoat, Inc.

Oldsmar, FL

Booth #: 21

BryCoat is a coating service that applies metallurgical coatings to improve performance of precision machinery components using PVD, Thermal Spray and CVD coating application processes. BryCoat provides thin-film, vacuum-deposited coatings of inert ultra-hard materials such as titanium nitride, titanium carbide and chrome nitride applied by PVD or CVD processes; as well as thicker coatings of carbides, ceramics and metal alloy materials applied by Thermal Spray process; and ultra-thin, ultra-low-friction coatings of WS2 dry film lubricant.


Canopy Aerospace Logo

Canopy Aerospace

Denver, CO

Booth #: 63

Canopy builds technology at the intersection of manufacturing, materials, and software to drive mankind’s journey beyond the stars and through the clouds. Specializing in high-temperature materials such as thermal protection systems (TPS) and ceramics, Canopy leverages advanced manufacturing (additive manufacturing and robotic automation) to lower cost and lead time for our mission partners.


Carbon-Carbon Advanced Technologies Inc. Logo

Carbon-Carbon Advanced Technologies Inc.

Arlington, TX

Booth #: 6

C-CAT is a proven industry leader in the design, development, and manufacture of carbon-carbon (C-C) components supporting the fields of hypersonics, space access, and space research, with extensive experience in manufacturing and delivering large-scale flight-grade C-C structures and complex assemblies. A number of solutions for establishing oxidation resistance of its C-C materials have been developed, allowing C-CAT to offer systems which are suitable for service in a variety of oxidizing environments typical of TPS and hot structure applications. Recent efforts supported by C-CAT have included Falcon PGS, HyFLY, Parker Solar Probe, TBG 1, TBG 2, ARRW, as well as multiple commercial programs focused on the production of large-scale nozzle extension designs for rocket upper-stage engines.


CFD Research Logo

CFD Research

Huntsville, AL

Booth #: 27

Since its inception in 1987, CFD Research has worked with government agencies, businesses, and academia to provide innovative solutions to aerospace and defense industries. Our high-performance materials portfolio encompasses R&D, design, and analysis of high-temperature composites, aerospace alloys, and coatings, from processing through microstructure analysis, property predictions, and performance characterization across operating regimes. Over the years, CFD Research has earned multiple national awards for successful application and commercialization of innovative technology prototypes, multi-physics simulation software, and expert support services. CFD Research is an ISO9001 and AS9100 registered company and is appraised at CMMI Level II for services.


Control Vision, Inc Logo

Control Vision, Inc

Tucson, AZ

Booth #: 60

Control Vision, Inc specialize in machine-vision optical sensor instruments that capture real-time images under extreme environments such as high luminosity, temperature, and vibration processes. They can perform real-time monitoring of laser welding, thermal spray coating, metal casting, furnaces, and metal additive manufacturing.


Digitrace LTD Logo

Digitrace LTD

Wayland, MI

Booth #: 11

A small company that moves quickly with the capabilities to produce precision parts fom the size of a pen to the size of a city bus. Currently producing production parts for outer space travel, US Army front line battle, US Navy, USAF for weapon deployment, and MDA parts. Also Digitrace produces a wide variety of tooling for all industries.


Drake Plastics Logo

Drake Plastics

Cypress, TX

Booth #: 61

Drake Plastics initiated operations in 1996 with the extrusion of machinable stock shapes made from glass-reinforced Torlon® 5030 PAI to support the Javelin Missile program. The Cypress, Texas, manufacturer has since expanded its portfolio with extruded machinable shapes and injection molded parts made from Torlon® PAI, PEEK, PAEK, Ryton® PPS, and other ultra high-performance polymers. In addition, Drake’s precision CNC machining capabilities and expertise cover the gamut of advanced polymers including Vespel® polyimide. Among the company’s technology developments are CryoDyn® CT-200 cryogenic polymer shapes, a higher-performance alternative to PCTFE; materials-efficient Seamless Tube®, and the industry’s largest extruded rod diameters and plate thicknesses. Its unmatched product portfolio has opened many new applications of advanced polymers for customers worldwide. Drake is an ISO 9001:2015 and AS9100D certified manufacturer and focuses on lean operating principles throughout its organization. Visit www.drakeplatics.com.


ERG Aerospace Logo

ERG Aerospace

Sparks, NV

Booth #: 58

Since 1967, ERG Aerospace has been the leading manufacturer of open celled metal, carbon, and ceramic foam. We are the sole manufacturer of Duocel® foam and develop solutions for high performance applications including energy absorbers, thermal shields, closed loop cooling, optical mirrors, heat exchangers, lightweight high-strength structures, filters and more. Our experienced in-house engineering, product testing, and production teams have worked with customers in a variety of industries to design and implement solutions from the ground up. All of our flight proven materials are made in the USA in our AS9100 certified production facilities in California and Nevada.


Fortius Metals, Inc. Logo

Fortius Metals, Inc.

Lafayette, CO

Booth #: 29

Fortius Metals, Inc. provides next-generation alloys for large format metal 3D printing. We enable stronger, lighter fabrication for customers’ products ranging from rockets to electric vehicles, with our patented welding alloys.Fortius Metals manufactures next-generation alloys for large format metal 3D printing. Our patented welding alloys enable stronger, lighter fabrication for customer products ranging from rockets to electric vehicles. Fortius, headquartered in Boulder, Colorado, was formed in 2021 to commercialize wire-based products for use in robotic welding applications – with enhanced material properties such as 2x strength, improved corrosion resistance, and higher thermal conductivity. Fortius’ in-house capabilities include both wire manufacturing and wire arc and laser large format 3D printing cells.


Free Form Fibers Logo

Free Form Fibers

Saratoga Springs, NY

Booth #: 14

Free Form Fibers is developing and commercializing high performance ceramic fibers, non-woven textiles and veils, and powders, for a range of industries. Fiber compositions include stoichiometric purity Silicon Carbide, Silicon Nitride, and similar oxides, borides, carbides and nitrides. These novel compositions, along with profile shapes and fiber arrays, are targeted for Ultra-High Temperature (UHT) materials for extreme environmental applications.


Greenleaf Corporation Logo

Greenleaf Corporation

Saegertown, PA

Booth #: 28

Greenleaf has been in the advanced materials business for more than 77 years. We have manufactured advanced ceramics for more than 47 years. We are traditionally known for our ceramic and carbide metal cutting inserts and tooling. However, we also make technical ceramic parts for severe service environments or unusual applications. We make ceramic components that work where exotic metals, carbides and traditional ceramics do not perform well. We make one piece prototypes to 100,000’s of pieces for production orders. We can also work with you to develop ceramic compositions to meet specific requirements. Our base structural ceramic compositions are composite silicon carbide whisker reinforced alumina’s (WG), composite silicon carbide whisker reinforced silicon nitride (SG0195) and phase toughened silicon nitride (XSYTIN-1). Our ceramics have friction rates approaching that of Teflon, are amazingly strong, tougher and more impact resistant than zirconia, more wear resistant than SiC, can take temperature extremes and are corrosion resistant.


Hexcel Corporation Logo

Hexcel Corporation

Stamford, CT

Booth #: 34

As a leading producer of carbon fiber reinforcements and resin systems, and the world leader in honeycomb manufacturing for the commercial aerospace industry, we are the strength within hundreds of products offered in multiple markets across the globe.


Kratos  Logo

Kratos

Booth #: 37

Details coming soon!


LHMEL Facility Logo

LHMEL Facility

WPAFB, OH

Booth #: 42

The Air Force Research Laboratory's LHMEL Facility, operated by Eqlipse Technologies, provides the aerospace community with a comprehensive resource for high temperature characterization of current and emerging materials using a variety of infrared laser sources and environmental simulation capabilities. LHMEL provides tailored, well characterized, heat flux conditions that can be held constant or varied to match application specific heating trends combined with atmospheric control to simulate ablation/oxidation environments. A suite of diagnostics is available to capture the multi-physics responses of materials during testing. Test conditions are ideal for validating material models, thermal property determination, survivability testing, material screening, and performance predictions.


Materials Research & Design, Inc. Logo

Materials Research & Design, Inc.

Wayne, PA

Booth #: 32

Materials Research & Design (MR&D) is a small business that provides research and design services to the aerospace and ultra-high materials communities. Typical programs at MR&D focus on the simultaneous design of material and structure to optimize component cost, weight, or thermal- structural performance. Additional areas of interest focus upon research into the behavior and processing of advanced composite materials as well as the development of micromechanical models to analyze and understand observed properties. The analytical approach employed by MR&D is based upon a practical understanding of engineering issues founded upon a strong background of theoretical mechanics.


Materials Sciences, LLC Logo

Materials Sciences, LLC

Horsham, PA

Booth #: 41

Materials Sciences LLC (MSC) is a small engineering business, founded in 1970, with headquarters in Horsham, PA and manufacturing facilities in Greenville, SC and Huntsville, AL. MSC has successfully led programs on the development and evaluation of high temperature materials and additive manufacturing technologies for advanced aviation and missile systems. MSC’s unique combination of advanced materials expertise, vertical integration of design, engineering, specialty and traditional manufacturing methods, and testing in a small-business environment provides the ability to rapidly execute end-to-end product development programs with the goal of transitioning to follow-on production contracts for government and industry customers.


Northrop Grumman Logo

Northrop Grumman

Falls Church, VA

Booth #: 31

Northrop Grumman is a leading global aerospace and defense technology company. Our pioneering solutions equip our customers with the capabilities they need to connect and protect the world, and push the boundaries of human exploration across the universe. Driven by a shared purpose to solve our customers’ toughest problems, our employees define possible every day.


Park Aerospace Corp. Logo

Park Aerospace Corp.

Newton, KS

Booth #: 35

Develops and manufactures solution and hot-melt advanced composite materials used to produce composite structures for the global aerospace markets. Park also designs and fabricates composite parts, structures and assemblies and low volume tooling for the aerospace industry.


Physical Sciences Inc. Logo

Physical Sciences Inc.

Andover, MA

Booth #: 48

Physical Sciences Inc. (PSI) is a manufacturer of ceramic matrix composite components. The company’s primary products are made of carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide matrix materials (C/SiC) including refractory enhanced matrices for operation in extreme oxidizing environments. PSI also offers silicon carbide reinforced silicon carbide matrix (SiC/SiC) composites. In addition to its material products, PSI provides fabric coating and laser machining services to the composites industry.


Plansee USA Logo

Plansee USA

Franklin, MA

Booth #: 47

Plansee is a world-leading manufacturer of components from molybdenum, niobium, tantalum, and tungsten. Whether in electronics, coating technology, or high-temperature furnaces, where regular metals reach their limits, the refractory metals, alloys, and composite materials from Plansee come into play. As an innovation partner, together with our customers we develop sustainable solutions for the high-tech world and keep pushing the boundaries of what is technologically feasible.


Plasma Processes Logo

Plasma Processes

Huntsville, AL

Booth #: 51

Plasma specializes in the development, manufacture, and coating of engineered materials and their applications. We offer a wide range of manufacturing and coating processes, each with unique characteristics for specific applications. Our core competencies include a complete family of plasma thermal spray processes (cold/hot, vacuum, non-vacuum), EL-Form® Molten Salt Electrodeposition, copper wire arc, arc-jet testing, additive manufacturing, and Powder Alloying and Spheroidization for the production and toll processing of spherical and alloyed powders. We also offer services through testing, consulting, design, analysis, quality, program management, and an in-house metallurgical laboratory for material analysis and characterization. Our plasma spray includes coatings, barriers, and protection systems for radiation, electric, oxidation, thermal, and other applications. Plasma also provides advanced mono-propellant thrusters and propulsion systems under the Rubicon brand. More detailed information can be obtained at www.plasmapros.com.


SCI Engineered Materials Logo

SCI Engineered Materials

Columbus, OH

Booth #: 40

SCI Engineered Materials is a global supplier and manufacturer of advanced materials for PVD Thin Film applications. Through partnerships with end users and OEM's, SCI develops innovative and customized solutions enabling commercial success. SCI Engineered Materials provides high quality physical vapor deposition (PVD) materials to manufacturers, original equipment manufacturers (OEM's), research institutes and universities around the world since 1987.


Scot Forge Logo

Scot Forge

Spring Grove, IL

Booth #: 23

Scot Forge operates with more than 1.5 million sq.ft. of manufacturing space between five plants. We ship more than 250 million lbs. of forgings annually and are proud to be a 100% employee-owned manufacturer of custom, open die forgings and seamless rolled rings.


Sierra Space Logo

Sierra Space

Louisville, CO

Booth #: 10

Sierra Space is a leader in developing and testing liquid and hybrid rocket engines and systems using a wide variety of propellants, including small in-space propulsion and upper-stage engines. Complete facilities for design, manufacture and testing rocket engines at thrust levels from one pound-force thrust up to 150,000 pound-force thrust, where configured test cells have the option of using nitrous oxide, methane, peroxide and other propellants.


SINTX Technologies, Inc. Logo

SINTX Technologies, Inc.

Salt Lake City, UT

Booth #: 44

SINTX Technologies, Inc. is an advanced ceramics manufacturer that develops and commercializes materials, components, and technologies for aerospace, medical, and technical applications. SINTX-Utah is a global leader in the research, development, and manufacturing of silicon nitride. SINTX-Maryland, known as TA&T prior to the 2022 acquisition, has demonstrated expertise in ultra-high temperature CMCs and ceramic additive manufacturing for almost 30 years. Recent interest in hypersonics has driven several new projects in CMCs, but many other recent developments have resulted in an explosion in partnerships related to material and resin development for ceramic 3D printing.


Southwest Research Institute Logo

Southwest Research Institute

San Antonio, TX

Booth #: 62

Southwest Research Institute® (SwRI®) is a premier independent, nonprofit research and development organization. We offer multidisciplinary services leveraging advanced science and applied technologies. Since 1947, we have provided solutions for some of the world’s most challenging scientific and engineering problems.


Spirit AeroSystems Logo

Spirit AeroSystems

Wichita, KS

Booth #: 36

Spirit AeroSystems is one of the world’s largest non-OEM designers and manufacturers of aerostructures for commercial and defense aircraft. Spirit AeroSystems applies research and emerging technologies in designing, fabricating, assembling, and integrating components and structures for premier commercial and defense aerospace programs. We are leveraging our decades of design and manufacturing expertise, combined with our people, facilities, and equipment, to become the world’s most innovative and reliable supplier of military aerostructures, specialty materials and related services, enabling warfighters to execute highly complex and critical missions.


Teledyne Brown Engineering Logo

Teledyne Brown Engineering

Huntsville, AL

Booth #: 50

Teledyne Brown Engineering, Inc. is an industry leader in engineered systems and advanced manufacturing. The Company provides full-spectrum systems engineering, integration, manufacturing, and lifecycle sustainment solutions to the maritime, aerospace, defense, energy and environment markets. Teledyne Brown has expertise in systems integration, technology development, ha​​​rdware design, prototype development, system test and evaluation, advanced manufacturing, performance-based logistics solutions, and operations and maintenance. ​


Tex-Tech Industries, Inc. Logo

Tex-Tech Industries, Inc.

Kernersville, NC

Booth #: 52

Tex-Tech is a premier designer and manufacturer of specialty textiles, heat shields, and thermal protection systems. We are dedicated to providing superior-quality materials for OEMs and end-users in the aerospace and defense industries. Our skilled team leverages cutting-edge technology and decades of experience to develop state-of-the-art material science solutions to meet modern challenges.


Textile Products, Inc. Logo

Textile Products, Inc.

Anaheim, CA

Booth #: 22

Textile products inc, develops and manufactures high performance textile structures for a variety of composite applications. these applications include ceramic matrix, carbon and polymer resin systems. Fabric forms include 2D, 3D multilayer and custom designs to meet unique customer requirements. reinforcements include ceramic, carbon, quartz and aramid yarns.


Textum Logo

Textum

Belmont, NC

Booth #: 38

Textum is a national leader in developing innovative fabric and multi-dimensional preform solutions focused on manufacturing products that typically have a high barrier to entry. From 2D fabrics to 4D billets to near-net shape woven preforms, Textum addresses a wide variety of flight component demands. Many fiber options are available including carbon, ceramic, and metals. Textum is now expanding its product offerings to include C/C composite manufacturing from prototype to production needs. Acreage, nosetips, and leading edges are being addressed with a paradigm specifically targeting high-volume, low-cost production.


The University of Southern Mississippi Logo

The University of Southern Mississippi

Hattiesburg, MS

Booth #: 43

The School of Polymer Science and Engineering at the University of Southern Mississippi (USM) is a Defense-friendly academic program committed to the preparation of next-generation U.S. scientists and engineers in areas of strategic national interest. The School maintains long-standing research and development relationships, typically in the 6.1-6.3 appropriations levels, with all branches of the U.S. Defense RDT&E community. Our programs advance high performance polymers, composites and coatings in collaboration with Defense laboratories to advance performance of materials for military needs.


Toray Group Logo

Toray Group

Morgan Hill, CA

Booth #: 30

Toray is the recognized leader in carbon fiber, thermoset, and thermoplastic prepreg solutions for diverse applications. Toray utilizes a vertically integrated supply chain and has the largest capacity of any carbon fiber or prepreg manufacturer in North America, with a global team of application engineers specializing in aerospace and defense applications to support programs from custom material selection to development and qualification process.For over five decades, Toray’s advanced composite materials have been integral to critical military and missile defense applications to improve payload carrying capacity and increase range. Additionally, our technology has consistently met stringent requirements of defense programs where high strength, high impact damage resistance, heat resistance, or electromagnetic transparency are needed.


Transition Composites Engineering Logo

Transition Composites Engineering

Ferndale, WA

Booth #: 16

Transition Composites Engineering is an agile, vertically integrated small business covering all aspects of ceramic matrix composite and carbon/carbon structures. We formulate preceramic polymers, fabricate prepreg materials, and develop complex structures all under one roof.


Ultramet Logo

Ultramet

Los Angeles, CA

Booth #: 25

Ultramet is a leading materials science and engineering company headquartered in Los Angeles, California. Established in 1970, the company has built a strong reputation for innovation and excellence in the development and manufacturing of advanced materials for extreme environments for a wide range of industries, including aerospace, defense, energy, and more. Ultramet's commitment to pushing the boundaries of materials research, manufacturing, and quality has made it a trusted partner for organizations seeking cutting-edge solutions to hypersonic vehicle structures, rocket propulsion, nuclear energy, corrosion, and biomedical implants.


University Consortium for Applied Hypersonics Logo

University Consortium for Applied Hypersonics

College Station, TX

Booth #: 53

The University Consortium for Applied Hypersonics (UCAH) is an inclusive, collaborative network of universities working with government, industry, national laboratories, federally funded research centers, and existing university affiliated research centers. It aims to deliver the innovation and workforce needed to advance modern hypersonic flight systems in support of national defense.


University of Dayton Research Institute Logo

University of Dayton Research Institute

Dayton, OH

Booth #: 33

The University of Dayton Research Institute is a national leader in scientific and engineering research. Our professional researchers provide support in a variety of technical areas, ensuring customer success by delivering affordable, innovation solutions, leading edge technologies and outstanding service. UDRI leverages the expertise of UD faculty and students, along with its partners in academia, government and industry, to address unique technical challenges and help the University fulfill commitment to education, research and public service.


ZIRCAR Ceramics, Inc. Logo

ZIRCAR Ceramics, Inc.

Florida, NY

Booth #: 15

Manufacturer of high temperature ceramic fiber based thermal and electrical insulation materials. Specialize if low loss rigid and flexible materials with special emphasis on custom fabrications.